3. 1 性能等级
3.1.1各类高强度螺栓、内六角圆柱头螺钉、等长双头螺柱的性能等级为8.8、9.8、10.9、12.9 级。
3.1.2各类高强度 螺母的性能等级为8、9、10、12级。
3.1.3各类高强度垫圈的性能等级为300HV。
3. 2 材料
表1 高强度紧固件推荐材料和适用规格
类别 | 性能等级 | 推荐材料 | 材料标准号 | 适用规格 |
螺栓 | 12.9 | 35CrMo | GB 3077 | 所有规格 |
40Cr | ||||
42CrMo | ||||
10.9 | 20MnTiB | GB 3077 | ≤M24 | |
35VB | GB 1231 | ≤M30 | ||
40Cr | GB 3077 | 所有规格 | ||
45 | GB 699 | ≤M22 | ||
9.8 ① 8.8 | 45 | GB 699 | ≤M22 | |
35 | ≤M16 | |||
40Cr、40B | GB 3077 ② | 所有规格 | ||
螺母 | 12 | 35CrMo | GB 3077 |
|
40Cr |
| |||
42CrMo |
| |||
10 | 45,35 | GB 699 |
| |
15MnVB | GB 3077 |
| ||
40Cr |
| |||
9 8 | 35 | GB 699 |
| |
45 |
| |||
40Cr | GB 3077 |
| ||
垫圈 | 300HV | 45,35 | GB 699 | 所有规格 |
注:① 9.8级仅适用于螺纹直径不大于16mm的规格。 ② 供货时,材料检验的回火温度应符合GB 3098.1的有关规定。 |
3.3 使用组合
高强度螺栓、螺母、垫圈的性能等级使用组合应按表2的规定执行,其使用要求见附录A(参考件)。
表2 螺栓、螺母、垫圈的性能等级使用组合
螺栓性能等级 | 12.9 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 8.8 | |
螺母性能等级 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 |
垫圈性能等级 | 300HV | ||||
适用规格范围 | 所有规格 | ≤M16 | >M16 ≤M39 | 所有规格 |
3.4 尺寸精度要求
3.4.1本标准的螺栓、螺母的精度等级为B级,垫圈为C级。其它精度等级的尺寸公差和形位公差,由用户按GB 3103.1及GB 3103.3的规定选取,最低不应低于C级。
3.4.2螺栓、螺母的螺纹及公差应符合下列要求:
a.螺纹的基本尺寸按GB 196的规定。螺栓和螺母螺纹的公差按GB 197规定的6 g级和6H级;
b.螺纹牙侧的表面粗糙度不低于Ra12.5。
3.4.3螺栓、螺母和垫圈的其它尺寸公差及形位公差应符合GB 3103.l和GB 3103.3的C级精度的规定。
3.4.4螺栓的末端按GB 2的规定制造。
3.5 机械性能要求
3.5.1螺栓
3.5.1.1螺栓的机械性能,在常温下进行试验时应符合表3的规定。
其中楔负载强度(不包括螺柱)的数值不得小于σbmin;头部坚固性要求在头部及杆与头部交接处不应产生任何裂纹。
表3 螺栓的机械性能
机械性能 | 性能等级 | ||||
8.8 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 12.9 | ||
抗拉强度σb N/mm2 | 公称 | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 1200 |
min | 830 | 900 | 1040 | 1220 | |
维氏硬度 HV30 | min | 250 | 290 | 320 | 385 |
max | 320 | 336 | 380 | 435 | |
洛氏硬度 HRC | min | 22 | 28 | 32 | 39 |
max | 34 | 37 | 39 | 44 | |
屈服强度σ0.2 N/mm2 | 公称 | 640 | 720 | 900 | 1080 |
min | 660 | 720 | 940 | 1100 | |
保证应力Sp N/mm2 | 600 | 660 | 930 | 970 | |
伸长率δ | min | 12% | 10% | 9% | 8% |
冲击吸收功Aku, J | min | 30 | 25 | 20 | 15 |
螺纹未脱碳层的最小高度 E | H1 | H1 | H1 | ||
全脱碳层的最小深度 G,mm | 0.015 | ||||
注:① 9.8级仅适用于螺纹直径不大于16mm的规格。 ② 冲击吸收功Aku试验试祥按GB 229中图A1的试样制作。 ③ H1螺纹实际牙高。 |
3.5.1.2当按表4及表5的最小拉力载荷进行楔负载试验时,断裂应发生在螺纹部分或螺纹与杆部交接处。
表4 粗牙螺栓的最小拉力载荷
d | P | As | 性能等级 | |||
8.8 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 12.9 | |||
mm | mm2 | 最小拉力载荷(As×σb ),N | ||||
12 | 1.75 | 84.3 | 70000 | 75900 | 87700 | 102000 |
14 | 2 | 115 | 95500 | 104000 | 120000 | 140000 |
16 | 2 | 157 | 130000 | 141000 | 163000 | 192000 |
18 | 2.5 | 192 | 159000 | / | 200000 | 234000 |
20 | 2.5 | 245 | 203000 | / | 255000 | 299000 |
22 | 2.5 | 303 | 251000 | / | 315000 | 370000 |
24 | 3 | 353 | 293000 | / | 367000 | 431000 |
27 | 3 | 459 | 381000 | / | 477000 | 560000 |
30 | 3.5 | 561 | 466000 | / | 583000 | 684000 |
33 | 3.5 | 694 | 576000 | / | 722000 | 847000 |
36 | 4 | 817 | 678000 | / | 850000 | 997000 |
39 | 4 | 976 | 810000 | / | 1020000 | 1190000 |
42 | 4.5 | 1120 |
|
| / | / |
注:① d为螺纹规格(公称直径)。
② P为螺距。
③ As为公称应力截面积。
④ 螺纹规格d为42mm的最小拉力载荷,由供需双方协商。
⑤ 以下各表同。
表5 粗牙螺栓的最小拉力载荷
d | P | As | 性能等级 | |||
8.8 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 12.9 | |||
mm | mm2 | 最小拉力载荷(As×σb ),N | ||||
12 | 1.25 | 92.1 | 73700 | 82900 | 95800 | 112000 |
12 | 1.5 | 88.1 | 70500 | 79300 | 91600 | 107000 |
14 | 1.5 | 125 | 100000 | 112000 | 130000 | 152000 |
16 | 1.5 | 167 | 134000 | 150000 | 174000 | 204000 |
18 | 1.5 | 216 | 179000 | / | 225000 | 264000 |
20 | 1.5 | 272 | 226000 | / | 283000 | 332000 |
20 | 2 | 258 | 214000 | / | 269000 | 315000 |
22 | 1.5 | 333 | 276000 | / | 346000 | 406000 |
22 | 2 | 318 | 263000 | / | 330000 | 388000 |
24 | 2 | 384 | 319000 | / | 399000 | 468000 |
27 | 2 | 496 | 412000 | / | 516000 | 605000 |
30 | 2 | 621 | 515000 | / | 646000 | 758000 |
33 | 2 | 761 | 632000 | / | 791000 | 928000 |
36 | 3 | 865 | 718000 | / | 900000 | 1060000 |
39 | 3 | 1030 | 855000 | / | 1070000 | 1260000 |
42 | 3 | 1194 | / | / | / | / |
3.5.1.3当按表6及表7的保证载荷进行螺栓试验时,施加载荷后的永久伸长量(包括测量误差)不应大于12.5μm。
表6 粗牙螺栓的保证载荷
d | P | As | 性能等级 | |||
8.8 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 12.9 | |||
mm | mm2 | 保证载荷(As×SP ),N | ||||
12 | 1.75 | 84.3 | 50700 | 55600 | 70000 | 81800 |
14 | 2 | 115 | 68800 | 75900 | 95400 | 112000 |
16 | 2 | 157 | 94500 | 104000 | 130000 | 152000 |
18 | 2.5 | 192 | 115000 | / | 159000 | 186000 |
20 | 2.5 | 245 | 147000 | / | 203000 | 238000 |
22 | 2.5 | 303 | 182000 | / | 251000 | 294000 |
24 | 3 | 353 | 212000 | / | 293000 | 342000 |
27 | 3 | 459 | 275000 | / | 381000 | 445000 |
30 | 3.5 | 561 | 337000 | / | 466000 | 544000 |
33 | 3.5 | 694 | 416000 | / | 576000 | 673000 |
36 | 4 | 817 | 490000 | / | 678000 | 792000 |
39 | 4 | 976 | 586000 | / | 810000 | 947000 |
42 | 4.5 | 1120 | / | / | / | / |
注:d=42mm的保证载荷,由供需双方协商。 |
表7 细牙螺栓的保证载荷
d | P | As | 性能等级 | |||
8.8 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 12.9 | |||
mm | mm2 | 保证载荷(As×Sp ),N | ||||
12 | 1.25 | 92.1 | 53400 | 60800 | 76400 | 89300 |
12 | 1.5 | 88.1 | 51100 | 58100 | 73100 | 85500 |
14 | 1.5 | 125 | 72500 | 82500 | 104000 | 121000 |
16 | 1.5 | 167 | 96900 | 110000 | 139000 | 162000 |
18 | 1.5 | 216 | 130000 | / | 179000 | 210000 |
20 | 1.5 | 272 | 163000 | / | 226000 | 264000 |
20 | 2 | 258 | 155000 | / | 215000 | 250000 |
22 | 1.5 | 333 | 200000 | / | 276000 | 323000 |
22 | 2 | 318 | 191000 | / | 268000 | 309000 |
24 | 2 | 384 | 230000 | / | 319000 | 372000 |
27 | 2 | 496 | 298000 | / | 412000 | 481000 |
30 | 2 | 621 | 373000 | / | 515000 | 602000 |
33 | 2 | 761 | 457000 | / | 632000 | 738000 |
36 | 3 | 865 | 519000 | / | 718000 | 839000 |
39 | 3 | 1030 | 618000 | / | 835000 | 999000 |
42 | 3 | 1194 | / | / | / | / |
注:d=42mm的保证载荷,由供需双方协商。 |
3.5.2螺母
3.5.2.1粗牙螺母
粗牙螺母的机械性能,在常温下进行试验时,应符合表8的规定。
表8 粗牙螺母的机械性能
性能等级 | D | Sp | 维氏硬度 HV | 洛氏硬度 HRC | ||
mm | N/mm2 | min | max | min | max | |
8 | ≥12~16 | 840 | 206 | 302 | / | 30 |
>16~39 | 920 | 233 | 353 | / | 38 | |
>39 | / | 207 | ||||
9 | ≥12~16 | 950 | 206 | 302 | / | 30 |
>16~39 | 920 | |||||
>39 | / | / | / | / | / | |
10 | ≥12~16 | 1050 | 272 | 353 | 28 | 38 |
>16~39 | 1060 | |||||
>39 | / | |||||
12 | ≥12~16 | 1190 | 272 | 353 | 28 | 38 |
>16~39 | 1200 | |||||
>39 | / | / | / | / | / | |
注:① D为螺纹规格,当D等于或小于27mm时,必须做保载试验。当D大于27mm时,凡不能做保载试验的,应供需双方同意,必须保证最低硬度 ② Sp为保证应力。 |
3.5.2.2细牙螺母
细牙螺母的机械性能,在常温下进行试验时,应符合表9的规定。
表9细牙螺母的机械性能
性能等级 | D | 1型螺母 | 2型螺母 | ||||
Sp | 维氏硬度 HV | Sp | 维氏硬度 HV | ||||
mm | N/mm2 | min | max | N/mm2 | min | max | |
8 | ≥12~16 | 935 | 250 | 353 | 890 | 195 | 302 |
>16~33 | 1030 | 295 | / | / | / | ||
>33~42 | 1090 | 295 | / | / | / | ||
9 | ≥12~16 | / | / | / | / | / | / |
>16~33 | |||||||
>33~42 | |||||||
10 | ≥12~16 | 1110 | 295 | 353 | 1055 | 250 | 353 |
>16~33 | / | / | / | 1080 | 260 | ||
>33~42 | / | / | / | 1080 | 260 | ||
12 | ≥12~16 | / | / | / | 1200 | 295 | 353 |
>16~33 | / | / | / | / | / | / | |
>33~42 | / | / | / | / | / | / | |
注:① 螺母的热处理由制造者确定。 ② 表中“/”者、性能由制造厂与用户商定。 |
3.5.2.3当按表10及表11的保证载荷对螺母进行试验时,螺母不得脱扣或断裂。
表10 粗牙螺母的保证载荷
d | P | As | 性能等级 | |||
8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | |||
mm | mm2 | 保证载荷(As×Sp ),N | ||||
12 | 1.75 | 84.3 | 70800 | 80100 | 88500 | 100000 |
14 | 2 | 116 | 96600 | 109000 | 121000 | 139000 |
16 | 2 | 157 | 132000 | 149000 | 165000 | 187000 |
18 | 2.5 | 192 | 177000 | 177000 | 204000 | 230000 |
20 | 2.5 | 245 | 225000 | 225000 | 260000 | 294000 |
22 | 2.5 | 303 | 279000 | 279000 | 321000 | 364000 |
24 | 3 | 353 | 325000 | 325000 | 374000 | 424000 |
27 | 3 | 459 | 422000 | 422000 | 437000 | 551000 |
30 | 3.5 | 561 | 516000 | 516000 | 595000 | 673000 |
33 | 3.5 | 694 | 638000 | 638000 | 735000 | 833000 |
36 | 4 | 817 | 752000 | 752000 | 866000 | 980000 |
39 | 4 | 976 | 898000 | 898000 | 1030000 | 1170000 |
42 | 4.5 | 1120 | / | / | / | / |
注:D=42mm的保证载荷,由供需双方协商。 |
表11 细牙螺母的保证载荷
d | P | As | 性能等级 | ||||
8 | 10 | 12 | |||||
1型 | 2型 | 1型 | 2型 |
| |||
mm | mm2 | 保证载荷(As×Sp ),N | |||||
12 | 1.25 | 92.1 | 86100 | 82000 | 102000 | 97200 | 111000 |
12 | 1.5 | 88.1 | 82400 | 78400 | 97800 | 92900 | 106000 |
14 | 1.5 | 125 | 117000 | 111000 | 139000 | 132000 | 150000 |
16 | 1.5 | 167 | 156000 | 149000 | 185000 | 176000 | 200000 |
18 | 1.5 | 215 | 221000 | / | / | 232000 | / |
20 | 1.5 | 272 | 280000 | / | / | 294000 | / |
20 | 2 | 258 | 266000 | / | / | 279000 | / |
22 | 1.5 | 333 | 343000 | / | / | 360000 | / |
22 | 2 | 318 | 238000 | / | / | 343000 | / |
24 | 2 | 384 | 396000 | / | / | 415000 | / |
27 | 2 | 496 | 511000 | / | / | 536000 | / |
30 | 2 | 621 | 640000 | / | / | 671000 | / |
33 | 2 | 761 | 784000 | / | / | 822000 | / |
36 | 3 | 865 | 943000 | / | / | 934000 | / |
39 | 3 | 1030 | 1120000 | / | / | 1110000 | / |
42 | 3 | 1194 | / | / | / | / | / |
注:① 9级螺母,直径≤16mm,保证载荷参照8级螺母。 ② D=42mm的保证载荷,由供需双方协商。 |
3.5.3垫圈
垫圈的机械性能用硬度表示,垫圈的硬度为HV30329~436(HRC35~45), 标记为300 HV。
3.6表面缺陷
非破坏检查时,螺栓、螺母和垫圈均不得有任何部位上的淬火裂缝,螺栓和螺母的支承面及其以下部位也不得有皱纹。其余表面缺陷应按GB 5779.1~5779.3的规定执行。
3.7表面处理
螺栓、螺母和垫圈表面应根据需要进行镀锌、氧化、镀铬、磷化、钝化等防锈处理。镀锌处理后,需按GB 5267进行去氢处理。
4.1螺栓的机加工试件的拉力试验
按GB 3098.1中8.1条及GB 228对机加工试件进行拉力试验。
4.2螺栓的实物拉力试验
按GB 3098.1中8.2条及GB 228对实物进行拉力试验。
4.3螺栓的硬度试验
按GB 3098.1中8.3条及GB 4340(维氏硬度)、GB 231(布氏硬度)、GB 230(洛氏硬度)进行硬度试验。
4.4螺栓的保证载荷试验
按GB 3098.1中8.4条进行螺栓的保证载荷试验。
4.5螺栓及内六角圆柱头螺钉的楔负载试验
按GB 3098.1中8.5条进行螺栓、螺钉的楔负载试验。
4.6螺栓、螺钉头部坚固性试验
按GB 3098.1中8.7条进行头部坚固性试验。
4.7螺栓的脱碳试验
按GB 3098.1中8.8条进行脱碳试验。
4.8螺栓的再回火试验
按GB 3098.1中的8.9条进行再回火试验。
4.9螺母的保证载荷试验
按GB 3098.2中8.1条进行螺母的保证载荷试验。
4.10螺母的硬度试验
按GB 3098.2中8.2条进行螺母的硬度试验。
4.11垫圈的硬度试验
按GB 230进行垫圈硬度试验。如有争议,按GB 4340进行维氏硬度(HV30) 试验、仲裁。
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Composite sealing gasket material
Steel wire ropes for general purposes
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Specifications for retaining rings-Circlips
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Cold coiled helical springs technical specifications - Part 2: Compressions spring
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General specifications for packing of mechanical and electrical product
Fasteners - General requirements for bolts,screws,studs and nuts
24° Cone Connectors - Specification
Flared couplings - Specification
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Plain Washers for Bolts, Screws and Nuts - General Plan
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Fasteners-Surface discontinuities - Nuts
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metal washers; technical delivery conditions
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Flat products of steel; cold rolled steel strip; dimensions, tolerances on dimensions and form.
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Specifications for parts and units of jigs and fixtures
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Flanges and their joints - Bolting - Part 3: Classification of bolt materials for steel flanges, class designated
Metallic products - Types of inspection documents
Flanges and their joints - bolting - Part 2: Classification of bolt materials for steel flanges, PN designated
Flanges and their joints - bolting - Part 1: Selection of bolting
Aerospace series - Inserts, screw thread, helical coil, self locking - Technical specification
Aerospace series - Inserts, screw thread, helical coil, self-locking - Assembly procedure
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Fastenersart - Standard - Cap Screws, Hex Bolts, and Hex Nuts
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Technical condions for threaded fasteners with adhesive coating-Part 2: Polyamlde locking coating
Technical Supply Conditions For Threaded Steel Fasteners - Part 1 General Requirements For Bolts, Screws And Studs
General data for machine screws and tapping screws
Plain nuts and slotted nuts - Part 1: General specification